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備考六月:英語四六級閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧

  大學(xué)英語四六級考試閱讀理解部分是眾多考生最為擔(dān)心的部分。此部分得分高低,對整個考試的成功與否起著決定性作用。閱讀理解不僅考查學(xué)生的詞匯量、語法知識、閱讀速度等基本功,而且還考查學(xué)生判斷、推理、歸納、總結(jié)等綜合能力。閱讀理解題雖說對考生要求較高,但我們在深入研究歷屆四六級閱讀理解真題后發(fā)現(xiàn),閱讀理解的命題考點和測試題型均有一定的內(nèi)在規(guī)律?忌灰竟ι锌桑缓笳莆樟诉@些規(guī)律,其應(yīng)試技巧必將大大提高,從而在眾多強手中脫穎而出。

第一單元   閱讀應(yīng)試理論

一、分析文章結(jié)構(gòu) 
一般來說,我們閱讀文章的目的是為了獲取信息。文章體裁不同,其結(jié)構(gòu)特點就會各異。因此,我們獲取信息的最有效方法之一就是去學(xué)習(xí)和了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu),以便更加準(zhǔn)確、快速地定位我們要找的信息。 
大學(xué)英語四級考試中的閱讀理解文章的體裁主要有三類:敘述文、說明文和議論文。下面我們結(jié)合2000年12月份的大學(xué)英語四級考試真題來具體說明如何利用文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點來達到閱讀的目的。 




第二單元  命題考點及題型

分析研究英語四級考試閱讀理解歷屆考題,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)命題者命制的考點是有一定規(guī)律的,且考點規(guī)律常與某種題型(主旨題、細節(jié)題、邏輯題、觀點態(tài)度題、詞義題)相對應(yīng)。如果考生掌握了這些規(guī)律,就能在第一遍快速閱讀短文時,敏銳地捕捉到考點并能預(yù)測可能會出的題型?忌藭r應(yīng)用筆在這些可能會出題的考點輕輕劃上記號,等看完短文開始做題時,針對題干的提問,迅速找到做記號的考點,再仔細分析、答題。這樣,考生就能節(jié)省不少時間,從而避免開始做題時又要通閱全文盲目找考點。下面,我們將這些考點規(guī)律及對應(yīng)題型歸納如下: 
1、列舉處?肌
列舉處指的是First,…,second, …,Third, …等逐步列出,并列指的是A、B and C。其共同特點是列出3條或3條以上的條目。后要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中,選出符合題干要求的答案項。該考點常出題型是"細節(jié)事實題"!≈饕袃煞N:
①which題型
該題型要求從并列的三項中選一項作為答案,其他選項與題目無關(guān)。
②except題型
該題型要求考生通過核對文章內(nèi),排除滿足文章內(nèi)容的三個選項,留下不符合文章的作為答案。也稱為“三缺一”題型。
例1. At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: firstly, as members of a police force they always have to be have absolutely in accordance with the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways. 
Q: What's the policeman's biggest headache? 
(A) He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way. 
(B) He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases. 
(C) He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous criminal cases. 
(D) He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense. 
(分析:選A。屬事實細節(jié)題。依據(jù)文章,與電影中的警察很不相同的是,現(xiàn)實中警察既要絕對遵守法(firstly,…),又要及時破案(secondly,…),這令他們很難兩頭兼顧,有時只有犯規(guī)。很明顯,B、C、D三項都與文章內(nèi)容不符。) 
在做此類細節(jié)事實題時,只要把細節(jié)考點(firstly,…secondly…)找到,對照選項內(nèi)容,跟細節(jié)事實不一致的就不是選項?忌恍杓毿囊稽c都能辨清細節(jié)事實,選對答案。 
例2.I believe we have a three-part mission for the present.First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves . Second,we mast investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third,we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade,maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on barrages. 
Q: which of the following is true according to the last paragraph? 
(A)Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures. 
(B)More money should be spent in order to stop pollution. 
(C)Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution. 
(D) Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade. 
(分析:選A。屬事實細節(jié)題。專生只要看懂了文章內(nèi)容三個方面,很容易排除掉B、C、D三項。) 
2、舉例子打比喻的地方?肌
為了使自己的觀點更有說服力、更加明確,作者經(jīng)常用具體的例子打比方,句中常由as, such as, for example, for instance等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子作為舉例句,這些例句或比喻成為命題者提問的焦點。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心緊密相關(guān)的,常以"細節(jié)事實性"題型和"推斷性"題型出現(xiàn),但偏傾于"推斷性"題型。 
例1. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival. 
Q:Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of ______ . 
(A) decision making                   (B)drives and feelings 
(C)growth of reasoning                (D)information absorption 
(分析:選B項。這屬辯認細節(jié)事實題,依據(jù)文章我們知道計算機缺少人類所具有的動機和情感:computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures,至于動機可以被編入計算機程序,那是今后的事,就目前而言計算機在動機和情感方面不如人類。選項B符合題意?忌灰⒁獾絝or one thing 后面一句話,即可選出。) 
例2.…. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquainting with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as reader, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates. 
Q: The passage is most like a part of !
(A)a news article                (B) a journalistic interview 
(C) a research report              (D) a preface 
(分析:選D項。這屬判斷、推理題。考生在了解全文梗概之后,要正確地對文章的內(nèi)容作出判斷,考生關(guān)鍵要看懂文章最后一句話:"…as this book indicates。"由此便推斷正確的答案是D項。) 
例3 ….In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programs are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue.… 
Q:Which of the following statements does the writer support? 
(A) The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing. 
(B) Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. 
(C) Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons. 
(D) Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear every programmes. 
(分析:選A項,屬推理題,依據(jù)文中"such an expansion assumes…. However,…便可推斷出A項正確。) 
3、引用人物論斷處?肌
作者為了正確表達出自己觀點或使論點更有依據(jù),常常引用某名人的論斷或重要發(fā)現(xiàn)等。命題者常在此作文章。多以"推理性"題為主,有時也出"細節(jié)事實性"題型!
例1."There is a senseless notion that children grew up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that,"says sociologist Larry Bumpers of the University of Wisconsin…. 
Q: There was apparently a trend in the USA ________ . 
(A) for young adults to leave their parents and live independently. 
(B) For middle class young adults to stay with their parents. 
(C) For married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absence. 
(D) For going adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents. 
(分析:選A項。屬推理題。作者引用的這句話意思是:"孩子長到18歲時應(yīng)離開父母去獨立生活的概念是沒有道理的,而事實情況也并非如此。"而題干問:過去在美國顯然有一種什么趨勢?忌ㄟ^細心推斷引文,便能選中A項:年輕的成年人應(yīng)該離開父母而去獨立生活。)
例2. …"people cheat on their sleep, and they don't even realize they're doing it,"says Dr. David."They think they're okay because they can get by on 6.5 howler, when they really need 7.5 , eight or even more to feel ideally rigorous."(見《分冊》P12頁例3) 
Q: According to Dr. David, Americans ________ . 
(A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life. 
(B) Often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit. 
(C) Do not know how to relax themselves properly. 
(D) Can get by on 6.5 hoarse of sleep. 
(分析:選B項。屬于歸納事實細節(jié)題。Dr. David所說的話,描述的是一種事實現(xiàn)象,即美國人睡眠不足而誤認為這不是什么大的事,還自我感覺良好。從事實中我們可以看出美國人經(jīng)常忽視睡眠不足的后果,即B項的內(nèi)容。) 
例3. By the millions they are coming-no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched masses longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget,"says a biologist from Brazil. As she walks with two companions through New York lity's South Street, "We juse use our credit cards." 
Q:From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourist 
like her ________ . 
(A) are reluctant to carry cash with them. 
(B) Simply don't care how much they spend. 
(C) Are not good at planning their expenditure. 
(D) Often spend more money that they can afford. 
(分析:選B項。屬判斷推理題。文章講成千上萬涌進美國的富有者與那個巴西生物學(xué)家一樣,他們在購物時只管刷卡("just use our credit cards.")而根本不做預(yù)算("don't have a hudget"),可推斷出他們這類人是"根本不管花多少錢的。"即B項內(nèi)容。) 
4、轉(zhuǎn)折處與強對比處?肌
一般而言,轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容常常是語義的重點,命題者常對轉(zhuǎn)折處的內(nèi)容進行提問。轉(zhuǎn)折一般通過however, but, yet, in fact等詞或短語來引導(dǎo)。強對比常由unlike, until, not so much…as等詞或短語引導(dǎo)。命題者常對用來對比的雙方屬性進行考查。 比如文章中說甲具有X屬性,但乙與甲不同,問乙有何屬性?答曰:非X屬性。
此類考點常出現(xiàn)在邏輯推理型題中,少數(shù)出現(xiàn)于其它題型中!
例1. Some observers say the fault is with the young people…. But that's a condemnation of the students as a whole…. Others blame the state of the world… But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.
 Q:According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that _______ . 
(A) society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduates. 
(B) High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education. 
(C) Too many students have to earn their own living. 
(D) College administrators encourage students to drop out. 
(分析:選A項?忌喿x文章時,應(yīng)注意到文中有兩個"but"的轉(zhuǎn)折,特別是段末一轉(zhuǎn)折句意即:但失望的畢業(yè)生了解到社會再也不能吸收大量的23歲的訓(xùn)練有素的大學(xué)生。這一轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容正好是解答題干問題的依據(jù),我們從這句話可以推斷出大學(xué)考試之所以出了問題部分源于一個事實,即A項:社會不能為訓(xùn)練有素的大學(xué)生提供足夠工作。此屬邏輯推理題。) 
例2 … Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commits suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding…. 
Q: It can be conduced from the passage that ________ . 
(分析:這道題屬邏輯推理題,命題者利用unlike進行強烈對比,要求考生推斷出正確結(jié)論。) 
例3 Beauty has always been regard as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attentive defendants(被告)。But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability. 
Q:The author writes this passage to _______ . 
(A) discuss the negative aspects of being attractive. 
(B) Give advice to job-seekers who are attractive. 
(C) Demand equal rights for women. 
(D) Emphasize the importance of appearance. 
(分析:選A項。屬主旨大意類題型。前面都是講美給人帶來的種種好處,用but突然進行轉(zhuǎn)折,考生即可推測出下面要講美給人帶來的不利方面了。) 

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