2014中考英語(yǔ)備考資料：語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)之部分名詞用法

　　上接：2014中考英語(yǔ)備考資料：計(jì)量表達(dá)法

　　The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里。

　　可當(dāng)副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞：She lives alone. 她獨(dú)居。

　　Can you move the stone alone? 你能獨(dú)自搬動(dòng)那塊兒石頭嗎?

　　Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。

　　(注意：不可說(shuō)very alone. 但可說(shuō)very much alone.)

　　2lonely, “孤獨(dú)的;寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞。

　　可在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)：The old man is lonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。

　　He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多親戚，但感到孤獨(dú)。

　　(lonely 和心理感受有關(guān)，而alone和心理感受無(wú)關(guān)。)

　　也可在名詞前作定語(yǔ)：a lonely person一位孤獨(dú)的人

　　a lonely village一個(gè)偏僻的村莊 (而alone不可作定語(yǔ))

　　56.belong to與be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother. (直接加人)

　　This suit is mine / Lucy’s / my son’s / hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名詞性物主代詞。)

　　57.by常見(jiàn)用法：1“通過(guò)”I study English by memorizing grammar.

　　You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike.

　　2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

　　The train had left by the time he got there.

　　3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.

　　4“經(jīng)過(guò)”He passed by me without noticing me.

　　5“在……旁邊”Sit by me. They are playing by the river.

　　58.部分用in的短語(yǔ)： in a good way(用一個(gè)好方法), in the open air(在露天場(chǎng)所)

　　2that與上文所說(shuō)是同一類(lèi)，但不是同一個(gè)，常指不可數(shù)名詞。

　　The food in China is quite different from that in America.

　　The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.

　　that也可指上文所說(shuō)的事：

　　A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: I’m sorry to hear that.

　　3 this 更多指下文所說(shuō)的事：The reason is this : ………..

　　4one 指代上文所說(shuō)的某類(lèi)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，指同一類(lèi)物但不是同一個(gè)。

　　This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那個(gè))

　　77.at / by the end of, in the end 的區(qū)別：

　　1at the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)或地點(diǎn)，“在…的盡頭，在…的末尾”

　　They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (時(shí)間)

　　He put some books at the end of the bed. (地點(diǎn))

　　2by the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)，“截止到…末”

　　若接過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)： We had built ten buildings by the end of 2002. They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.

　　若接將來(lái)的時(shí)間，常用一般將來(lái)時(shí)：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.

　　3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短語(yǔ)：

　　They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.

　　78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地點(diǎn)“已去了…(還未回來(lái))” -I can’t find those children, where are they?

　　-They have gone to the farm. (去了農(nóng)場(chǎng)，不在這兒)

　　2have been to+地點(diǎn)“去過(guò)…(原來(lái)去過(guò)，現(xiàn)在已回) ”句尾常接次數(shù)或多個(gè)地點(diǎn)

　　或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

　　She has been to Qingdao three times. I have been to two big cities.

　　Have you been to Dalian before? I have never / ever been to Dalian.

　　I have never been there before. Where have you been? 你去哪兒了?(此行省略了to)

　　3have been in + 地點(diǎn)，“已在…(多久了) ”句尾常接for + 時(shí)間段，或since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn) / 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子。

　　Peter has been in China for a long time.

　　I’ve been here for 2 hours / since 2 hours ago. (此短語(yǔ)省略了in)

　　79.all / whole用法：all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students…【all 在定冠詞the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole day… 【whole 在定冠詞the 后】

　　—22—

　　80.a bit / a little區(qū)別：都可作副詞，后直接加形容詞或副詞。

　　I’m a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired.

　　也都可作代詞(或形容詞)，后接不可數(shù)名詞，但有所不同：

　　I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名詞)

　　而下文：I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread. (a bit先加of，再跟名詞)

　　81.“擅長(zhǎng)”與“不擅長(zhǎng)”： “對(duì)…有利”與“對(duì)…有害”：

　　“擅長(zhǎng)”：be good at / do well in He is good at math. = He does well in math.

　　“不擅長(zhǎng)”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

　　“對(duì)…有利”：be good for “對(duì)…有害”：be bad for

　　82. 表數(shù)量的詞與短語(yǔ)的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / more / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) / 后既可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞。 2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可數(shù)名詞。

　　83.易用錯(cuò)的副詞：1really可修飾動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞，常在它們前面。

　　I really love reading. I really miss you. (修飾動(dòng)詞)

　　Tom speaks really quickly. 湯姆說(shuō)得非�？�。(修飾副詞)

　　It’s really kind of you. 你真好。 (修飾形容詞)

　　2very much常修飾動(dòng)詞want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(長(zhǎng)得像…), move(使…感動(dòng)), excite(使…激動(dòng))等等。常在句尾。

　　Jack wants to go there very much. 杰克很想去那兒。

　　I hate reciting the words very much. 我很討厭背單詞。

　　He enjoyed the film very much. 他很喜歡這部電影。

　　He takes after his mother very much. 他長(zhǎng)得很像他媽媽。

　　(very much 不可修飾形容詞和副詞：I’m happy very much.是錯(cuò)誤的。)

　　3very修飾形容詞和副詞，放在它們前面：

　　She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly.

　　(very不可修飾動(dòng)詞：I very like English. He very misses you.等類(lèi)似結(jié)構(gòu)都是錯(cuò)誤的。)

　　84.常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的詞或短語(yǔ)：for(后加時(shí)間段，句中謂語(yǔ)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞);

　　since(后加時(shí)間點(diǎn)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)的句子，主句謂語(yǔ)用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞);

　　How long(對(duì)時(shí)間段或for與since引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn)，句中謂語(yǔ)也用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)

　　in / all one’s life(在某人一生);in / during the past / last+時(shí)間段 (在最近的…時(shí)間內(nèi)) ;so far(“到目前為止”); ever;never;just;before(參見(jiàn)18之4) ;recently;.

　　—23—

　　yet(用于句尾，用在疑問(wèn)句或否定句中);

　　already (用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陳述句中)

　　其中ever, just, never, already在句中時(shí)常放在動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞前面。如：He has just gone.

　　85.形容詞與副詞區(qū)別：1形容詞修飾名詞，作定語(yǔ)(劃線(xiàn)部分)：

　　She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike.

　　形容詞可在系動(dòng)詞后，作表語(yǔ)(劃線(xiàn)部分)：

　　The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet.

　　也可放在不定代詞或不定副詞后面作定語(yǔ)： somewhere warm; anything new (另見(jiàn)10)

　　2副詞(以下劃線(xiàn)部分)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞，也可修飾整個(gè)句子，如以下黑體字。

　　He ran quickly. Please speak in the class aloud. Tim lives alone. 修飾動(dòng)詞

　　She is very angry. He felt too tired. I’m so lucky. 修飾形容詞

　　He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修飾副詞

　　Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修飾整個(gè)句子

　　86.everyday與every day: everyday是形容詞，后接名詞，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副詞，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，“每天”。We speak English every day.

　　87.everyone與every one: 1everyone“每個(gè)人;大家;所有人”，只指人。

　　后不接of短語(yǔ)。Everyone is here except Tom.

　　2every one“每一個(gè)”既可指人，也可指物。后常接of短語(yǔ)。

　　Every one of us has a dictionary. Every one of the trees is tall.

　　88.none與no one: 1no one“沒(méi)有一人”只指人, 后不接of短語(yǔ)。

　　No one has been to Beihai Park. No one told us about it.

　　(以上因后面無(wú)of短語(yǔ)，故不用none)

　　2none“沒(méi)有人;沒(méi)有任何東西”既可指人，也可指物;既可指可數(shù)名詞，也可指不可數(shù)名詞。后常接of短語(yǔ)。

　　None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.

　　(此處指人。因后有of短語(yǔ)，故不用no one)

　　A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.

　　(對(duì)話(huà)中none單獨(dú)用，不指人，故不用no one. 另見(jiàn)114)

　　89.乘交通工具之表達(dá):1by bike / car / sea (ship) / air (plane) (前無(wú)冠詞，且不用復(fù)數(shù))

　　2on a horseback / his bike / the plane / a ship (有冠詞或限定詞)

　　He is talking with his teacher. May I talk to you?

　　(注意talk接人和接物時(shí)介詞搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth)

　　2tell只作及物動(dòng)詞,“告訴;講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)(tell sb sth.)

　　Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news?

　　3say必須接有內(nèi)容，或邏輯上有內(nèi)容作賓語(yǔ)。 (所接內(nèi)容見(jiàn)以下劃線(xiàn)部分)

　　Please say it in English. He said nothing. Please show me what to say..

　　“I disagree with you.” said Tom. What will you say? Do you have anything to say?

　　say 若接sb, 則需先加to: I must say sorry to you.

　　“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.

　　4speak ●“說(shuō)話(huà)”不及物動(dòng)詞。He spoke too fast for me to follow.

　　●接人時(shí)先加介詞to. May I speak to Mr. Smith?

　　●可表說(shuō)話(huà)的能力。The baby can speak now. 這個(gè)嬰兒現(xiàn)在能說(shuō)話(huà)。

　　There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak. 他的喉嚨有病，說(shuō)不成話(huà)。

　　●也可譯為“演講，發(fā)言”Who will speak in the meeting?

　　●也可譯為“說(shuō)”，作及物動(dòng)詞，后接語(yǔ)言。Do you speak English / Chinese?

　　61.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time:

　　sometimes: “有時(shí)”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. (sometimes在be后)

　　I sometimes forgot my homework. (sometimes在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前)

　　Sometimes he becomes very angry. (sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾)

　　some times: “幾次”I have been to Nanjing some times.

　　sometime: “某一時(shí)刻” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某個(gè)時(shí)候買(mǎi)的它。

　　We’ll meet again sometime next week. 我們下星期某個(gè)時(shí)候會(huì)再見(jiàn)面的。

　　some time: “一段時(shí)間”We have to stay here for some time.

　　62.need 的用法：1need可當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(和can等用法類(lèi)似，但need只用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中)： Need I go now? (need 放在一般疑問(wèn)句的開(kāi)頭)

　　I needn’t tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not)

　　【當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，need無(wú)時(shí)態(tài)變化�！�

　　2need 可當(dāng)行為動(dòng)詞(和want 等用法類(lèi)似)：

　　He needs a bike. (后可直接加名詞)

　　I need to go over my lessons. (后可接帶to不定式)

　　Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑問(wèn)句中do, does, did在句首)

　　We don’t need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do, does, did提前)

　　—18—

　　【 注：need 后接表被動(dòng)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，可表達(dá)為： The TV needs to be repaired.

　　= The TV needs repairing.】

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